IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
the war created a new economic and political situation
It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure .
Custom duties were raised.
Income tax was introduced.
Through the wars, prices increased, doubling between 1913 to 1918.
Villages were called upon to supply soldiers.
Forced recruitment in the rural areas caused widespread anger.
Crop failed in many parts of India resulting in an acute shortage of food
There was a spread of influenza epidemic causing the death of 12 to 13 million people.
THE IDEA OF THE SATYAGRAHA
The idea of satyagraha means the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice then there was no need of physical force. Gandhiji believed that his Dharma of non violence could unite all Indians.
⇴SATYAGRAHA LAUNCHED BY GANDHIJI
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in three places.
1.Champaran movement (Bihar) This movement took place in 1916 in champaran where the peasants of champaran were compelled to grow indigo.Peasants revolted against this and Gandhi also joined the movement.
2. Kheda movement (Gujarat) The movement started in 1917. It was led by the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat. The crop failed and as a result the peasants were not able to pay the revenue. They demanded some relaxation in the tax. But the British government was not ready for it. Gandhiji supported them.
3. Ahmedabad movement (Gujarat) It started in 1918. The Cotton mill workers led the movement. The mill workers were demanding better wages and relaxation in the working hours. Gandhiji supported them in the movement.
ROWLATT ACT
The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 hurriedly by the imperial legislative council. It gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without any trial for two years.
⇴In protest to the ROWLATT ACT , Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha.
⇴Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways,workshops etc the communication lines were disrupted by the government.
⇴Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, Mahatma Gandhi was banned from entering Delhi.
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
VARIOUS STAGES OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
Gandhiji proposed to unfold the National movement in various stages. They were-
It started with middle class participation in the cities.
Students left the schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned.
Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
The council elections were also boycotted in most of the provinces except Madras.
EFFECTS OF NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT IN INDIA( ON ECONOMIC FRONT)-
foreign goods were boycotted.
liquor shops were picketed.
foreign clothes burnt in huge bonfires.
The import of foreign cloth halved between 1920-22 and the value of foreign export dropped from Rupees 102 crore to Rupees 57 crore.
Thus people decided to put on only Indian clothes ,production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT SLOWED DOWN IN THE CITIES
1.Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could
not afford to buy it
2. There were no Indian institutions in place of British ones.
3. So students and teachers begin going back to government schools and lawyers join back, work in government courts.
Thus the non cooperation movement gradually slowed down.
1.NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT IN AWADH
Baba Ramchandra was a Sanyasi who had been to Fiji as an indentured labour.
He organised the peasants against the talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents from the peasants.
Peasants had to do Begar and work at landlord's farms without any payment
The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycott of landlords.
NAI DHOBI BANDH was organised to deprive landlords of the services of barbers and washerman
By october 1920, the OUDH KISAN SABHA was organised.
Within a month more than 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.
As the movement spread in 1921 the houses of talukdar and landlords were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain holds were taken over.
In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhi had declared no taxes to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
2.TRIBAL MOVEMENT IN GUDEM HILLS.
In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh the colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forest to Graze their cattle.
Not only their livelihood was affected as they used to collect fuel wood and fruits from the forest but they felt their traditional rights were denied.
The government also began enforcing them to contribute beggars for road building.
The tribals were organised by Alluri Sitarama Raju.
He was claimed to have a variety of special powers- he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, he could also survive even from the bullet shots.
He persuaded tribal people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on Gorilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
Raju was captured and executed in 1924 andover time became a folk Hero.
3.PLANTATION WORKERS
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
So for them freedom meant the right to freely move in and out of the plantation.
So when they heard of the non cooperation movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT CALLED OFF
In 1922 , at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a Bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.
The agitated crowd burnt the police station that resulted in the death of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.
Hearing of this incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non Cooperation Movement
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj party.
Some Congress leaders objected to an army movement by congress? Why?
1. in congress ,some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to
participate in elections to the provinces
2. They felt it was important to oppose British policies within the councils as they
are not truly democratic.
3. Members of Swaraj party argue for a return to council politics.
4. But young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose press
for radical agitation.
SOME FACTORS SHAPED THE MOVEMENT
1.Worldwide economic depression
2. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell, exports declined.
3. Peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay their revenue.
SIMON COMMISSION
1. The Tory government in Britain sent a commission under Sir John Simon.
2. It was set up in response to the nationalist movement , to look into the
functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
3. It failed because the commissioner did not have a single Indian member.
4. When the Simon commission arrived in India in 1928 it was greeted with the
slogans 'Go back Simon'.
5. all parties including the Congress and the Muslim league participated in the
Demonstrations.
THE offer of dominion status by lord Irwin rejected by the Congress?Why
1. The Viceroy Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 and offer of dominion
status for Indians and round table conference to discuss a future
constitution.
2. The radicals in congress became more assertive.
3. The liberals and moderates gradually lost their influence.
Q6 Discuss the importance of Lahore session
A 1. in December 1929 under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru the demand of
Purna Swaraj or full independence for India was framed.
2. it was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the
independence day When people were to take a pledge for complete
independence.
3. But the celebrations attracted very little attention.
Salt as a powerful symbol of protest against British rule
1. Mahatma Gandhi found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the
country.
2. It is equally used by rich and poor
3. Salt was obtained from India
* the main demands of Mahatma Gandhi in his letter to Viceroy
Irvin in January 1930
1. On 31st January 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a lot letter to viceroy Irwin
starting 11 demands.
2. Some of these words are of general interest and others work specific.
3. It had demands of different classes from industrialist to presents.
4. So that everyone could be brought together in a United campaign.
The Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
1. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Dandi March along with his 78 trusted
volunteers.
2. The march was over 240 miles.
3. It started from Sabarmati ashram to the coastal town of Dandi.
4. The wall inches box for 24 days about 10 miles a day.
5. On 6 April, he reached to Dandi and ceremonially violated the law
manufacturing sold by boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
How did the civil disobedience movement begin?
Ans *The civil disobedience movement began with the break of colonial laws.
*Thousands of people in different part of of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and
demonstrated in front of the British government salt factories.
*Foreign clothes were boycotted.
*Liquor shops were picketed.
*Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
*Village officials resigned and in many e places forest people violated forest laws.
THE reaction of the colonial government to the civil disobedience movement.? How did Indian respond to it?
*The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders.
*Abdul Gaffar Khan, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested.
*The people turned violent in Peshawar and demonstrated in the streets facing police firing. Many were killed.
*A month later Mahatma Gandhi was also arrested.
*The industrial workers in Solapur attack police post and municipal buildings,
*The British government also responded with brutal repression.
*Peaceful satyagrahis, thousands of women and children were beaten and around 1 lakh people were arrested.
Gandhi Irwin pact.
Ans *The Gandhi Irwin pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931.
*Two things were decided
*Gandhiji was asked to attend the second round table conference for which Gandhiji agreed.
*And Lord Irwin agreed to release all the political prisoners who are not guilt
How was the civil disobedience movement different from the non cooperation.
*non cooperation movement means not to co-operate with britishers whereas civil disobedience
means not to defy the British laws.
*Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt in front of the British
factories.
*As the civil disobedience movement spread foreign clothes were boycotted and liquor shops picketed.
*Reasons refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
*Under civil disobedience movement forest people violated forest laws bye going into reserve forest to collect wound and graze cattles
Different social groups which joined the civil disobedience movement and have different meaning of swaraj
*The rich peasants-pattidar of Gujarat and jats of UP
*The poor peasants
*The industrialist class
*Industrial working classes
*The women
*The rich peasant communities--
*The pattidar of Gujarat and jats of up were active in the movement.
*They were the producers of commercial crop and were hard hit by the trade depression and falling
prices.
*Cash income was disappearing and they found it difficult to pay the tax to the government.
*So when the civil disobedience movement began, they joined it so that they could get relaxation in the taxes.
Poor peasants-
*They were already very poor. As the depression continued they found it difficult to pay the tax.
*They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
*The meaning of swaraj was that they wanted relaxation in the tax and unpaid rent to be remitted.
The Industrialist class_
During the first world war the Indian merchants had made a huge profit and become powerful.
*They were keen on expanding the business.
*So they reacted against the British policies that restricted the business of Indian merchants.
*They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods.
*They also formed the Indian industrial and commercial Congress in 1920 and f i c c i in 1927.
*The prominent Industrialist purushottam das thakurdas and GD birla.
The industrial working class--
The industrial working class did not participate in the civil disobedience movement in large number
except the workers of nagpur.
They join the movement against low wages and poor working conditions.
The women--
Women participated in large numbers at the movement.
They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and burnt foreign clothes.
In urban areas these women were from high caste families and in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.
Gandhij’s opinion about women participation in the civil disobedience movement
Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after their homes, be good mothers
and good wives.
For a long time Congress denied the women to hold any position of authority in the organisation.
LIMITATIONS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
All the social groups did not join the civil disobedience movement
1 Untouchables did not join the movement they called themselves as dalit class. They thought Congress is the party of conservative high caste Hindus called sanatanis.
*Gandhiji also declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the untouchables Harijans.i e the children of God.
*Many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problem of community.
*They begin organising themselves demanding reserve seats in the educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative council.
2 Some of the Muslim political organisations were also lukewarm in their response to the civil disobedience movement.
*Large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
* Congress came to be associated with Hindu religious nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabha. M R Jaykar president of The Hindu mahasabha denied any for the negotiations with Muslim league
*Relationships between Hindus and Muslims worsened. Each community organised religious processions provoking Hindu Muslim communal clashes and riots.
COLLECTIVE BELONGING
people belonging to different communities, regions for language groups develop a sense of collective belonging
the sense of collective belonging spread when people begin to think that they are all all part of the same Nation
*It also came partly through the experience of --
*United struggles
*Through history and fiction
*Folklore and folk songs
*Symbols and icons
*Re interpretation of history.
For this identity of the nation was symbolised in a figure or image
This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the 20th century with the growth of nationalism The Identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata
* The image was first created by bankim Chandra chattopadhyay.
*It was painted by Abindra Nath Tagore.
* In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure, she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
THE ROLE OF INDIAN FOLKLORE IN DEVELOPING IDEAS OF NATIONALISM
*In the late 19 century the nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards.
*They toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
*They believed these tales gave a true picture of traditional culture.
*In Bengal Rabindranath Tagore himself begun collecting ballads, nursery rhymes.
*In Madras, Natasha Shastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales.
THE USE OF SYMBOLS AND ICONS BY THE NATIONALIST LEADERS
*symbols and icons used by the nationalist leaders brought a feeling of nationalism.
* During the swadeshi movement in Bengal a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
* It had eight lotuses representing eight British provinces in India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
* In 1921, Gandhiji designed the swaraj flag. It was again a tri colour (red,green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self help.
The feeling of nationalism created through reinterpretation of History
By the end of the 19th century the Indians began to take Indian history differently.
The British considered Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.
In response Indians begin looking into the past to discover India's great achievements.
Indians wrote about the development in ancient time of art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture and law and philosophy
These nationalist urged the readers to take pride in India's great achievements.
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