Manufacturing- Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING-
1. REDUCE THE HEAVY DEPENDENCE OF PEOPLE ON AGRICULTURAL INCOME- Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture but also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. ERADICATES POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT- Industrial development helps to eradicate unemployment and poverty from our country and also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
3. EXPANDS TRADE AND COMMERCE- Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Thus transforming the raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods make the country a prosperous one, and India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying manufacturing industries.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES
Agriculture and industries move hand in hand.They complement each other
1. The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity, as these industries depend on agriculture for the raw materials.
2. On the other hand , since agriculture provides a regular supply of raw materials to the industrial sector , it encourages development in the industrial sector.
3. For Example,industries like textile and sugar depend on the agricultural sector for the raw materials and the agricultural sector depends on the industrial sector as these supply the products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers , pesticides etc to the farmers.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY-
1. Over the last two decades the share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP out of a total of 27% for the industry which includes 10% for mining,quarrying,electricity and gas.
2. The rate of contribution of the manufacturing sector in India is much lower as compared to other South Asian economies where it is 25 to 35%.
3. In the year 2018-2019 the contribution of industrial sector to GDP was 29.6%
4. With the appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industries, economists have predicted that manufacturing can achieve its target by the next decade.
5. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council(NMCC) has been set up with this objective.
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION-
1. Industrial locations are complex in nature.These are influenced by the availability of raw materials, labour,capital , power and market.
2. Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are available or can be arranged at lower cost.
3. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand as mostly industries are located in the cities.
4. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
5. Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai emerged as industrially developed urban centres as in the pre-independence period most of the manufacturing units were located in these areas as these facilitated overseas trade.
Points to be kept in mind while selecting the Ideal location of an industry-
a) Cost of obtaining raw materials at site.
b) Cost of production at site.
c) Cost of distribution of production.
d) Decision to locate factory at site.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES-
1. on the basis of source of raw materials-
a)agro based: cotton, woolen,jute,silk,textile etc.
b)mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools.
2. according to their main role-
a) basic or key industries:these industries supply their raw materials or products to manufacture other goods.
Eg.Iron and steel.
b) consumer industries: these produce goods for the direct use by consumers.
Eg.Sugar, tooth paste.
3. on the basis of capital investment-
a) small scale industry- the maximum investment limit is one crores.
b) large scale industry-investment above one crores.
4. on the basis of ownership-
a) public sector: these are owned and operated by government agencies.
EG. BHEL, SAIL.
b) private sector industries: these are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
Eg.Bajaj auto ltd., dabur industries.
c)joint sector industries: these are the industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
Eg.OIL( OIL INDIA LTD.)
d)cooperative sector industries: these industries are operated and owned by the producers or suppliers of raw materials , workers or both where they pool in resources and share the profit and losses.
Eg.AMUL(ANAND MILK UNION LIMITED.)
5.on the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods-
a) heavy industries: those which use heavy raw materials.
Eg.Iron and steel.
b) light industries: that use light raw materials and poduce light goods.
Eg.Electrical industries.
AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES- cotton, jute ,silk,woolen textiles,etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials.
Textile industries-
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to the industrial production and employment generation.It is the only industry which is self reliant.
COTTON TEXTILES:
In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
The first textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854.
Indian industries suffered a setback as they could not compete with the mill made cloth from England, but it was during the first world war that the Indian industries got a boost to the development as there was an increase in demand for cloth in the UK.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOCATION OF THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN MUMBAI AND AHMEDABAD-
1. Availability of raw cotton, market , transport including accessible port facilities.
2. Cheap labour from the adjoining states.
3. The moist climate has caused the concentration of these industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad regions.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECENTRALIZATION OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN INDIA-
1. It caters to the needs of a large domestic market.
2. To provide scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in cotton, silk, zari and embroidery.
MAHATMA GANDHI LAID EMPHASIS ON SPINNING YARN AND WEAVING KHADI-
Because,
1. India has a world class production in spinning,but weaving supplies low quality fabric as it cannot use much of high quality yarn produced in the country as most of it was exported to countries like Japan, USE, UK etc.
2. Also, the handspun khadi provides large-scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.
MAJOR DRAWBACK FOR THE INDUSTRY-
1. India has a large share in the world trade of the cotton yarn, but the trade in garments is only 4% of the world’s total.
2. The spinning mills in India are competitive and are competitive at the global level.
3. But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
4. So , most of the production is done in fragmented small units which cater to the local market.
5. Thus this mismatch is a major drawback for the industry and so it is important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities.
CHALLENGES FACED BY COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRIES-
1. Power supply is erratic .
2. Machinery needs to be upgraded in weaving and processing sectors.
3. Low output of labour.
4. Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
Aluminium:
Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat & electricity and malleable.
Therefore, it is used to manufacture a no. of goods such as aircrafts, utensils, wires etc. Because of this aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Following points are important regarding this industry:
v Bauxite is the main raw material used in smelters .
v The smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal , Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
v In 2008- 2009 , India produced over 15.29 lakh million tonnes of aluminium
Chemical Industries:
i. Chemical industry contribute approximately 3% of the GDP of our country
ii. It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world, in terms of its size.
iii. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, dye-stuffs, & plastics
iv. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid , soda ash ,nitric acid & caustic soda.
Cement is used for construction activities such as building houses, factories , bridges, roads , airports & dams.
v The Cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum .
v The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat and has market in east Asia and South Asia
v India produces a variety of cement and is the second largest in the world . The first cement plant in India was set up in Chennai in 1904.
v There are 1888 large and 365 mini cement plants in India.
The automobile industry provides vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers.
v Trucks , buses , cars, motorcycles , scooters , three – wheelers and multi- utility are manufactured in India at various centres.
v At present there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles , 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three- wheelers.
v This industry is located around Delhi , Gurgaon, Mumbai , Pune , Lucknow & Bengaluru.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
It includes a large range of products like transistors, television telephones etc.
· Bengaluru is considered to be the electronic capital of India . Other important centres for electronic goods are in Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad & Lucknow.
· The IT industry has employed a large no. of population thus reducing the problem of unemployment.
· Approximately 30 percent of the people employed in this sector are women.
· This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of its fast growing Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
· By 2010 -2011 (STPI) Software Technology parks of India have come across 46 locations at different centres of India
Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth & development, but they are also important sources of pollution:
1. Air pollution
· It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide & carbon monoxide in the atmosphere.
· Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories , brick kilns refineries , smelting plants , burning of fossil fuels in factories etc. also cause pollution.
2. Water Pollution
· It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
· Paper, pulp , chemical textile and dyeing , petroleum refineries let out dyes , detergents, acids etc., are in main polluting industries.
3. Thermal Pollution
· It occurs when the hot water from the factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
· This pollution adversely affects aquatic life.
4. Noise Pollution
· It is caused by unwanted sounds from industrial and construction activities and equipment.
· It not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairments, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
The suggested methods of controlling industrial pollution are as follows:
Minimising water usage by reusing & recycling waste water in two or more successive stages.
Rain water harvesting to meet water requirements.
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers & ponds . it can be done in the following ways:
i Primary treatment by mechanical means i.e., by screening grinding and sedimentation.
ii. Secondary treatment by biological process.
iii. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical & physical processes.
iv. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas as fuel instead of coal in furnace
NTPC is an Indian Public sector undertaking, which is responsible for the generation and providing electricity in India.
NTPC is an ISO(14001) Environment Management System (EMS) certified company. It ensures:
Reducing Environment pollution through ash pond management and ash water recycling system.
Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
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