Q1. Where did print Technology first develop?
Ans. China, Japan and Korea.
Q2. Name the Chinese traditional book which was folded and stitched at the side?
Ans. The Accordion Book.
Q3. Who brought the technology of woodblock printing to Italy (Europe)?
Ans. Marco Polo.
Q4. Who developed the first printing press?
Ans. Johann Gutenberg.
Q5. Mention the shortcomings of manuscripts.
Ans. The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the demand for books because they possess the following shortcomings (drawbacks).
Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle.
Not be carried around or read easily.
Circulation remains Limited.
Q6. Mention the strategies adopted by printers and publishers to sell their books.
Ans. Popular works but sold in cheap series called the shilling series.
Serialized popular important novels to hold the interest of the readers and to ensure that he buys subsequent editions.
The dust cover or book jacket is a cheap paperback edition but also introduced.
Q7. Why did the woodblock method become popular in Europe?
Ans. Because.
Demand for books was increasing.
This demand could not be fulfilled by preparing manuscripts.
As the manuscripts suffered some serious limitations.
Q8. Describe the progress of print in Japan.
Ans. A Buddhist missionary from China introduced hand printing technology to Japan around 768-770CE.
The oldest Japanese book printed was the Buddhist Diamond Sutra containing 6 texts each and woodcut illustration (pictures) printed on Textile playing cards and paper money.
In medieval Japan poets and prose writers were regularly published and books were cheap and abundant.
In the 18th century, Edo(now Tokyo), Illustrated collections of paintings depicted elegant urban culture.
Libraries and books but in fact had printed materials of various rites, books on women musical instruments, calculation tea ceremony flower arrangement, proper etiquette cooking and famous places.
Q9. Short note on the Gutenberg press.
Ans. Johann Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor.
He invented movable type printing in Europe.
He was the son of a Merchant.
His childhood was spent in a large agricultural state.
He had seen wine and Olive presses Since his childhood.
Slowly expertise to create lead molds used for making twin kids.
Using this knowledge he adapted the existing technology to design the olive dress.
By 1448 Gutenberg perfected the system and the Gutenberg press was invented.
Q10. How did oral culture enter print and what was the printed material transmitted orally?
An Oral culture entertained in the following manner
Books were usually treated with pictures
published popular popular Dallas And Steels
printed material was decided in public gatherings
For ex- Indian novelist ,Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay used to read out his novels before a gathering. In this way, printed material was transmitted orally.
Q11. “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one” Who said this? How did print help to promote Protestant reformation?
- Martin Luther remarked that printing is the gift of God and the biggest one.
- He wrote 95 Theses, criticizing many of the practises and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
- These were immediately reproduced in mass numbers and read widely.
- This led to a division in the church and beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Q12. Discuss the impact of The Print revolution
1.With the print technology, a new reading public emerged.
2.Books became cheaper
3.Because of printing, Numerous copies could now be produced with much ease.
4.This helped in catering to an ever growing readership.
5.Access to books increased for the public. This helped in creating a new culture of reading
6.Popular ballads and folk tales were published which could be listened to by even the illiterates.
7. People started to enjoy listening to books.
Q13. Explain the role of Print culture in bringing the French Revolution.
A.Many historians are of the view that print culture created the conditions which led to French
Revolution.
Print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.
These thinkers gave critical commentary on tradition, superstition and
despotism.
Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
General public began to discuss the values, norms and institutions and tried to reevaluate the established notions.
By the 1780s, there was a surge in literature which mocked the royalty and criticized their morality.
Q14. How does print have an Impact on Children?
A Primary education became compulsory from the 19th century.
Children's Press was set up in France.
Old fairy tales & folk tales were published. The Grimm brothers in Germany compiled tales of peasants. The stories were edited before they were published in 1812.
Any material that was not suitable to Children was not part of the final publication.
Rural folk tales acquired a new form. Print recorded old tales but also changed them.
Q15. Explain the impact of print culture on Women & Workers.
A.Women became important readers & writers.
Penny magazines were published for women. In the 19 century, novels began to be written &
women were seen as important readers.
Some of the well known women writers were Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Elliot.
The writings defined a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination & the power to think.
The lending libraries which had been in existence from the 17 century became the hub of activity for white-collar workers, artisans and lower middle class people.
Q16. Highlight the important Innovations which have improved the printing technology from the 19th century onwards.
Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power driven cylindrical press by the mid 19th century.
Offset press was developed in the late 19th century.
Electrically operated presses came in use from the turn of the 20th century.
Methods of feeding paper improved, quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels & photoelectric controls of the color register were introduced.
The 19th century periodicals serialized important novels.
Q17. Discuss the Role of the Newspapers which aroused Public Debates.
Many existing religious practices were criticized.
Ram Mohun Roy published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 to criticize the orthodox views in Hinduism.
The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to counter his opinions.
In 1822, publication of two Persian newspapers began, viz. Jam-i-Jahan-Nama & Shamsul Akhbar.
Bombay Samachar; a Gujarati newspaper appeared.
Q18. Discuss the Religious Reforms that took place because of Public Debate.
A.Religious Reforms & Public Debates Views of the Muslim Sects:
In north India, the ulama began to publish cheap lithographic prints which contained Persian and
Urdu translations of holy scriptures.
They also published religious newspapers and tracts.
The Deoband Seminary was founded in 1867.
It published thousands of fatwas about proper conduct in the life of Muslims.
B.Religious Reforms & Public Debates Views of the Hindus:
Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was printed from Calcutta in 1810.
From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published many religious texts in vernaculars.
Q19. Describe the Role of Print on Women.
Liberal husbands and hers began educating their womenfolk at home, and sent them to schools.
Many journals began crying writings by women, and explained why women should be educated."
They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for home-based
schooling.
Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that
educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
Q20. Elaborate the Role of Print and the Poor People.
Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century Madras towns.
Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books.
These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste
protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgirl (1871).
B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras wrote on caste
system.
Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts criticising, ancient
scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
Workers in factories were too overworked & lacked the education to write much.
Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote & published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938.
Poems of another Kanpur millworker, were brought together & published in a collection called Sacchi
Kavitayan.
By the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.
Social reformers tried to restrict excessive drinking among the workers, to bring literacy & to propagate
the message of nationalism.
Q21. How Censorship was imposed on Print?
Initially, the control measures were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company
misrule.
By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom.
The Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule.
The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. The Act provided the government with extensive rights to
censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
When Punjab revolutionaries were deported, In 1907 Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Vernacular newspaper Kesari
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