Class X:Geography [Ch-7 Lifelines of the National Economy]

• The movement of goods and services from the place of production to the place of consumption  necessitates the need for Transport.

•  People engaged in facilitating these movements are referred to as Traders.

•  Also in today's life, it is important to be linked with the outside world.

• This is facilitated by communication. 

• So Transport ,Trade and Communication are the Lifelines of an Economy .

EFFICIENT MEANS OF TRANSPORT ARE          PREREQUISITE FOR FAST DEVELOPMENT--

∆ For a long time, trade was restricted to a limited space

∆ The world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.

∆ Transport has helped to link India with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and socio-cultural differences.

∆ Efficient and fast moving transport could be developed only with the help of equally developed communication systems.

∆ Transport of perishable goods becomes easier.

∆ Ports help in the import as well as export of goods.

∆ Rail transport helps in the movement of heavy and bulky goods at long distances.

∆ Roads connect distant areas and increase connectivity.

ROADWAYS

•  Roadways have edge over Railways

• construction cost is much slower.

• roads can traverse more dissected and undulating topography.

• roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes.

• Road transport is economic Kal for the transportation of few persons and over short distances.

• provides door to door services.

• acts as a feeder to other modes of transportation.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS

• Golden Quadrilateral super highways

1. They are six lane super highway
2.  the super Highways is to reduce time and distance between the Mega cities of India
3.  they are maintained by National Highway Authority of India(NHAI)

• National Highway

1.  they link extreme parts of the country.
2. they are maintained by the Central Public Works Department.
3. they are 4 lanes

• State Highway

1. They link state capital with Different headquarters.
2. They are constructed and maintained by Public Works Department

• District Roads

1. De connect district headquarter with other places of the district.
2. they are maintained by Zilla Parishad

•  Other Roads

1. They connect rural areas and villages with town.
2. They receive special impetus from  Pradhan Mantri grameen Sadak Yojana

•  Border Roads

1. This  organization was established in 1960 for the development of roads and strategic importance in the Northern and North Eastern border areas.
2. They are constructed and maintained by the border roads organization.

RAILWAYS

• Railways are the principal mode of transportation for price and passenger in India. 

• Railways accelerate the development of industry and agriculture.

• It gives employment to a large number of people.

• Railways bind the economic life of the country.

• Indian railway is the largest public sector undertaking in the country.

 THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE RAILWAY NETWORK IN THE COUNTRY HAS BEEN LARGELY INFLUENCED BY PHYSIOGRAPHIC ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE FACTORS:

1. The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favorable conditions for their growth.

2. In the hilly areas of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid down through low hills , gaps of tunnels.

3. The Himalayan mountains region is unfavorable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief,sparse  population and lack of economic opportunities.

4. It was difficult to lay railway lines on Sandy plains of Western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh ,Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand.

5. Stretch of Sahyadris could be crossed only through gaps or passes( Ghats).

6.  The development of the Konkan railway along the West coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods.

CHALLENGES OF THE RAILWAYS

• Many passengers travel without tickets

• Thefts and damages of railway property.

• People stop the train, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.

Pipeline

• It is one of the recent on the transportation map of India.

• These are used for transporting crude oil petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to the refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

• Solid can also be transported in the form of slurry.

• The initial cost of laying popular pipelines is high but maintenance cost is minimal.

• It rules out trans shipment losses or delays.

THREE IMPORTANT NETWORKS OF PIPELINES IN THE COUNTRY:-

1. From oil fields in Assam to Kanpur via Gauhati, Barauni and Allahabad.

2.  From Salaya to Jalandhar via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat.

3. From Hajira in Gujarat connect Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh via Vijaypur in Madhya Pradesh.(HVJ Pipeline)

AIRWAYS

It is most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport

 It can easily cover difficult terrains like mountains, deserts, dense forests etc.

Airways are of two types

- Domestic  Indian Airlines, Alliance Air, private scheduled airlines and non scheduled operators provide domestic air services

- International  Air India provides international air services

* Pawan Hans helicopter Limited provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural gas corporation in its Offshore operations and to  inaccessible areas and difficult areas like North Eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand

WATERWAYS

1. These are the cheapest means of transport.

2. They are suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

3. It is Fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

India has Inland navigation waterways of 14500 km in length Out of these only 9685 navigable by Mechanized vessels.

National waterways of India

N.W.1- The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)

N.W.2- the Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri(891 km).

N.W.3- the West coast canal in Kerala and Champakara canal (205km).

N.W.4- Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry crest of canal (1078 km).

N.W.5 - specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani river and east coast canal (588 km).

There are some other inland waterways on which substantial transportation takes place. 

These are Mandavi, Zuari, Cumberjua, Sundarbans, Barak, backwaters of Kerala and tidal stretches of some other rivers.

95% of countries trade it is moved by sea.

SEA PORTS 

• India has a coastline of 7516.6 kilometers.

• India has 12 major and many non Major ports.

MAJOR SEA PORTS OF INDIA

1. Kandla( Gujrat): it was developed after independence to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port . It is a tidal port.

2. Mumbai: it is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbor.

3. Jawaharlal Nehru( Maharashtra):- developed to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for the region .

4. Marmagao( Goa):- iron ore exporting port

5. New Mangalore( Karnataka):- caters to the export of iron ore concentrate from kudremukh mines

6. Kochi(Kerala):- South Western port located at the entrance of a Lagoon with the natural harbor

7. Tuticorin(Tamil Nadu):- located at the Southeastern coast with natural harbor and rich Hinterland.

8. Chennai(Tamil Nadu):- it is one of the oldest artificial ports and ranks next to Mumbai Port in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.

9. Visakhapatnam(Andhra Pradesh):- it is the deepest landlocked well protected port.

10. Paradip(Odisha):- specializes in the export of iron ore.

11. Kolkata(West Bengal):- it serves large and rich Hinterland of Ganga Brahmaputra basin it is an inland riverine port being a tidal port, it needs continuous dredging of the hugli river

12. Haldia(West Bengal):- it was developed as a subsidiary port to relieve pressure off of the Kolkata port.